Romanticism Free Response

To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?

During the 19^th century in Europe, the world was going through dramatic changes. It was heading into the era of the Romantics. During this time people were moving away from the conventional ideas of music and art and exploring more of the natural world and what they thought about it. They took God out of the equation and focused more on themselves and the natural world itself. Romanticism changed Enlightenment views dramatically and because of this, destroyed the relationship between God and the individual.

There were many famous people during the time of the Romantics. One famous Romantic was Percy Shelly. After getting away from the Enlightenment and God, Shelly focused on his love of poems and writing. He was an atheist and had no problem not believing in God. His works accurately described his feelings. During his time at Oxford, Shelly published a pamphlet expressing his views on atheism. Subsequently he was expelled from the university because he failed to take back what he had said and burn the pamphlets. Lord Byron was another famous person of the Romantics. He was seen as the first celebrity. Byron would get letters from women expressing their wants of him. During the Enlightenment, men had one wife and rarely got divorced because it was against the Catholic ideology. However, during the Romantics it was not uncommon for many people to have several wives during their life. At one point a wife and child were left because the man did not want to be with them anymore. He wanted to explore his talent as a writer and so went away with another woman. During the time of Romanticism Catholic views were not held in high esteem as before. Men had several wives, people were expressively atheist, and women threw themselves at men.

Much of the art work done after the Enlightenment complimented the views on Romanticism. Famous artists took their work to the next level and improved on the work of those before them. Now instead of boring dreary colors, paintings were vibrant with lots of color and action. Instead of just one person, there were several colorful and active people in paintings. These paintings, like the one with the ship at sea during the sunset summarized the period of Romanticism. This was a step toward exploring nature and getting away from religious people and biblical paintings. More people were interested in what was happening around them instead of the Bible. The great patrons were no longer directly from the clergy and did not commission religious paintings.

Music was also big during the Romantics. Great musicians like Beethoven composed such great compositions that nothing could be compared to them even to this day. They spoke directly to a person’s soul and how they felt. He composed music without lyrics and was able to touch people through his harmonies and just the sound produced that made people shiver. Some people say that the eyes are a pathway to the soul but the ears are as well. For those who listen to Beethoven know just how great his music is compared to all the rest. This music did not destroy the relationship with God, but it did not build it up either. It allowed people to express the natural feelings they felt and let their emotions out.

Moving from the Enlightenment to Romanticism challenged the views many people had of the natural world and in essence destroyed their relationship with God. They no longer created paintings for religious purposes, composed music, and several people became atheist. It was during this time that people’s true feelings were embraced and expressed through works of art such as poems, music, and paintings. In these various ways, people forgot about God and went their own way and discovered the natural world. This lead the way for an even greater tolerance of religious views and even atheism. People gradually forgot about Catholic ideas and started to venerate people and other objects. As seen by Lord Byron, he became the first celebrity and many women wanted him. Because of the move to Romanticism, the relationship between God and the individual gradually deteriorated throughout Europe.

Second outline

Term Paper Outline

Thesis: In 1804 after the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor and influenced Europe because of the sole fact that he was a politically stable leader amidst the worst turmoil the country had seen in ages by implementing many of his reforms, such as the Napoleonic code and through his many wars against other European countries.

Definitions: French Revolution- the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799

Napoleonic Code- the civil code of France, enacted in 1804 and officially designated in 1807.

Napoleonic Wars- the intermittent wars (1796–1815) waged by France principally against England, Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Sources: Primary: BBC and Internet Modern sourcebook, some letters from Napoleon and his military personnel

Secondary sources: the Kaplan guide, Wikipedia, and several websites with the biography of napoleon

I. Historical information leading up to Napoleon’s Reign.

a. The third estate consisted of everyone from wealthy merchants to lower peasants.

b. They owned about 40% of the land.

c. Prices rose 65% while wages only increased 22%.

d. Third Estate became the National Assembly.

e. The government switched to the Committee of Public safety and then the Directory.

f. Napoleon was given military position and on the return of his last set up a coup d’état and seized control.

II. Napoleons government and how he stabilized the government.

a. He became the First consul of the triumvirate.

b. Passed the Concordat which made peace with the church.

c. He enforced law and order in France at the time of his leadership.

d. Created peace with Britain.

III. Napoleons many wars.

a. Fought the British, the Russians, and the Austrians.

b. Was defeated in a naval battle against the British.

c. He recreated Poland.

d. Peninsular war with Spain which was a guerilla war.

e.

1. War between Britain and France 1803-1814
2. War of the Third Coalition 1805
3. War of the Fourth Coailition 1806-1807
4. War of the Fifth Coalition 1809
5. The invasion of Russia 1812
6. War of the Sixth Coalition 1812-1814
7. Gunboat war 1807-1814
8. War of 1812

IV. Napoleons code that he set up throughout Europe.

a. It was divided into a criminal and civil code.

b. Citizens were considered equal before the law.

c. Women lost the legal rights they had formally gained.

d. The army and bureaucracy were the means of advancement.

V. Napoleons ideas and reforms throughout Europe.

VI. Effects of the Reign of Napoleon.

a. Because of his position of power and the stability he gave France, he was able to go to war with many countries and to expand the French Empire.

b. He went into the new world and gained the Louisiana territory from the Spanish but then sold it to the United States.

c. Signed many peace treaties with other countries in Europe.

d. Made peace with the church.

VII. Conclusion

a. With out Napoleons stable leadership, the continent of Europe would not be the same as it is today. Even thought he had some tough times, and may have had some defeats, he still stayed strong and was able to provide a stable base for France to get back on its feet.

Industrial Revolution Free Response

Explain how the Industrial Revolution influenced the rise of conservative and liberal philosophies and explain how those philosophies competed with or related to nationalism in Greece and Germany.

The Industrial Revolution brought about much change in Europe. New ways of producing things better and faster caused many changes in the government and people’s political views. It was because of the Industrial revolution that Greece and Germany nationalism related to conservative and liberal philosophies. The Industrial revolution started off the entire viewpoints of liberalism and conservatism because of the radical and rational viewpoints people had which then flowed over to countries as a whole and influenced nationalism in countries such as Germany and Greece.

During the nineteenth century the Industrial revolution was in full swing. Britain, France and many other countries were now changing their ways, and their economy was changing. They were able to produce things better, faster, and more efficiently. At this time in France, Louis Bonaparte became the leader of France and decided to go to war with Germany. He was defeated and was also defeated by the Austrians. At this time, Russia had power over Prussia and the King was Wilhelm I. He united much of Germany at the time and throughout all of this nationalism was setting in. The chancellor from Russia influenced much of what happened in Prussia.

The Peterloo massacre was because of the horrible conditions that people had to work in factories. They did not have child labor laws or anything of the sort. Children could work no matter what the age, the conditions were horrible, and there was no set work day. People could work for 14 hours a day seven days a week with no rest and be paid very little. There were also no health laws and if people lost hands in the factories it was tough luck. These liberal philosophies related to nationalism because they wanted freedom as well. They wanted to be united as the same people and fight for the same causes. The Germans did not want to be ruled by a Prussian king or owe their allegiance to anyone else.

Without the Industrial revolution conservatism and liberalism of the time what not have been the same. Because the world was changing so fast, the people were changing as well. They wanted a democracy and to be ruled by fair ruler. With the flood of people from the rural areas to the city, new rules and laws had to be created. Since so many people were working in the factories, those who had a lot of money wanted to keep things the way there were to continue to make money. However, the people who were poor wanted to be able to get more money and work jobs that were fair. They couldn’t do this without a liberal viewpoint.

Without liberalism, nationalism in Germany and Greece would not be the same. Conservatism made the country stay the same, but with new ideas relating to freedom of speech, freedom of press, and all other types of freedoms, the uniting of countries was made possible.

First Outline for Term Paper

Term Paper Outline

Thesis: In 1804 after the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor and influenced Europe because of the sole fact that he was a politically stable leader amidst the worst turmoil the country had seen in ages by implementing many of his reforms, such as the Napoleonic code and through his many wars against other European countries.

Definitions: French Revolution- the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799

Napoleonic Code- the civil code of France, enacted in 1804 and officially designated in 1807.

Napoleonic Wars- the intermittent wars (1796–1815) waged by France principally against England, Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Sources: Primary: BBC and Internet Modern sourcebook, some letters from Napoleon and his military personnel

Secondary sources: the Kaplan guide, Wikipedia, and several websites with the biography of napoleon

I. Historical information leading up to Napoleon’s Reign.

a. The third estate consisted of everyone from wealthy merchants to lower peasants.

b. They owned about 40% of the land.

c. Prices rose 65% while wages only increased 22%.

d. Third Estate became the National Assembly.

e. The government switched to the Committee of Public safety and then the Directory.

f. Napoleon was given military position and on the return of his last set up a coup d’état and seized control.

II. Napoleons government and how he stabilized the government.

a. He became the First consul of the triumvirate.

b. Passed the Concordat which made peace with the church.

c. He enforced law and order in France at the time of his leadership.

d. Created peace with Britain.

III. Napoleons many wars.

a. Fought the British, the Russians, and the Austrians.

b. Was defeated in a naval battle against the British.

c. He recreated Poland.

d. Peninsular war with Spain which was a guerilla war.

e.

1. War between Britain and France 1803-1814
2. War of the Third Coalition 1805
3. War of the Fourth Coailition 1806-1807
4. War of the Fifth Coalition 1809
5. The invasion of Russia 1812
6. War of the Sixth Coalition 1812-1814
7. Gunboat war 1807-1814
8. War of 1812

IV. Napoleons code that he set up throughout Europe.

a. It was divided into a criminal and civil code.

b. Citizens were considered equal before the law.

c. Women lost the legal rights they had formally gained.

d. The army and bureaucracy were the means of advancement.

V. Napoleons ideas and reforms throughout Europe.

VI. Effects of the Reign of Napoleon.

a. Because of his position of power and the stability he gave France, he was able to go to war with many countries and to expand the French Empire.

b. He went into the new world and gained the Louisiana territory from the Spanish but then sold it to the United States.

c. Signed many peace treaties with other countries in Europe.

d. Made peace with the church.

VII. Conclusion

a. With out Napoleons stable leadership, the continent of Europe would not be the same as it is today. Even thought he had some tough times, and may have had some defeats, he still stayed strong and was able to provide a stable base for France to get back on its feet.