Exam

Describe and analyze how overseas expansion by European States affected the global trade and international relations from 1600 to 1715.

Outline-

Dutch- very powerful shipping, had 10,000 ships in their fleet, shipped from new world, had a colony called new Holland but was taken over by English, English had naval battles with them

England- went to the new world, created several colonies, james town, Plymouth rock

Spain- cortez and pizzarro

Portugal- many explorers like Da Gama, henry the navigator

After the age of the Renaissance, exploration took off. The Renaissance was the cause of many inventions and innovations that helped explorers. The invention of the astrolabe and smaller, faster seaworthy craft allowed explorers to travel farther and faster. The European countries took to exploration with a passion. The overseas expansion by European states affected the trade and international relations in many ways beginning with the tension between the Dutch and English, the English and Spanish, and the trade with other countries including Japan, the new world, south America and Africa and the Spanish due to the explorers from each country.

During the 17^th and 18^th centuries religious strife was common. The Thirty Years War was the last of the major wars of religion ending in 1648. This established the Dutch as a republic with a relative religious freedom, England as a protestant nation, and Spain and Portugal as Catholics. The Dutch were very strong in trade. It was their life. They had a very strong shipping fleet consisting of 10,000 vessels. This was the largest trading fleet in Europe. This allowed them to travel all over the world and create their golden age. The Dutch were able to flourish because they were able to travel all over the world because they were not bent on conquering any nations. This is why the Dutch were able to trade with Japan after they cut themselves off from the rest of the world. However, because of their strength in trading this created internal tension in Europe. The English became affronted by their power and attacked the Dutch. This was a huge blow to the Dutch who were no longer able to rise to their once glorious power.

England during the reign of Elizabeth I from 1558 to 1603 was essentially their golden age. They had sent out many explorers to discover new land and trade areas. Elizabeth I also hired men called privateers such as Sir Francis Drake to attack Spanish vessels and steal their gold and other valuables. They were essentially pirates legalized by Elizabeth I to keep the Spanish at bay and to make them less powerful. This created conflict between the Spanish and English and in 1588 the Spanish sent an armada to England to defeat them. However, due to powerful storms and the more agile and seaworthy craft, the English were able to defeat the Spanish decisively. The English created several colonies in the New World. The two most well known towns were James Town and Plymouth. Most of these were pilgrims that fled for religious purposes. Nevertheless, they traded with England to send back furs, tobacco and other valuables that could not be found in Europe.

The Spanish and Portuguese were responsible for some of the most well known explorers such as Vasco Da Game, Henry the Navigator, Cabral, and Christopher Columbus. The first three were responsible for findings of Africa and areas in that region while Christopher Columbus unknowingly found the New World. Because of this discovery, trade with the Americas and the Caribbean flourished. They were able to trade for sugar cane, tobacco and many other valuable resources. This ultimately lead to the slave trade because of the need for manual labor. The Spanish were responsible for the decline of the Inca and Aztec empires due to Pissarro and Cortez respectively. These empires were very wealthy and had large amounts of gold. Because of this, the Spanish decided to transport all of the gold back to Spain. This is when the English privateers were extremely successful in looting the Spanish. The relations between the English and Spanish had a lot of tension. They did not like each other very much due to the competition between the two.

The relations between the European countries were very fragile. Each country was interested in their own trading and to be the most successful. This lead to problems between the Dutch and English, and the English and the Spanish. The Dutch were able to trade the farthest and most successfully due to their lack of aggression. The Japanese saw this and were willing to trade with them when they shut themselves off from the rest of the world. However, the most tension was between the Spanish and English. Over all, without each of these countries the world would not be the way it is to this day.

Discuss the social and political consequences of the protestant reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century.

Outline

Germany

Martin luther- augistinian monk in wittenburg germany, 95 thesis, wanted to fix the corruption of the catholic church, said priests could marry, salvation on faith alone, no one could say what God wanted

John calvin-

England- Henry VIII and parliament passed the act of supremecy giving the right for the king of England to control its own religion. Became Anglicans.

French huegonouts

Eventually lead to the 30 years war

The Protestant Reformation began during the same time of the Northern Renaissance. This was the leading factor behind the Northern Renaissance, while the Southern Renaissance was focused more on trade and art. The Protestant reformation was born due to the corruption of the Catholic Church taken action by Martin Luther and John Calvin, the desire for King Henry VIII of England to divorce his wife, and helped along by the Dutch.

The Protestant Reformation was born because several people were willing to stand up against the injustices of the Roman Catholic Church. Martin Luther saw that the Catholic Church was selling indulgences which forgave people’s sins for a price. Martin Luther was obsessed about himself and his own good deeds and wondering if he was forgiven by God to allow the Church to sell people slips of paper to be forgiven. He nailed his 95 Thesis on the Wittenburg Church door in Saxony which listed his complaints with the Roman Catholic Church. He was taken before the Diet of Worms which had the right to outlaw him or have him burned at the stake. After he escaped his sentence of being burned at the stake and new religion was born: Lutheranism. This lead to political ramifications everywhere. The German princes soon adopted Lutheranism and this created strife with the Holy Roman Emperor who was Catholic. John Calvin soon created Calvinism which is similar to Lutheranism but they believe in predestination. The Peace of Augsburg was a document that allowed the German Princes to choose their own religion in their own principality. However, they could only choose between Lutheranism or Catholicism. This created political strife because some of the inhabitants of Germany wanted Calvinism.

King Henry VIII was the King of England during the Protestant Reformation. He helped the reformation along by breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church and making himself the head of the Church in England. He got Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy in 1534 which gave him the power to create and form his own church. This caused many social and political problems everywhere. The citizens of England were forcibly converted or prosecuted. This means that no one had a choice, they had to be protestant or they were persecuted. Throughout the future of England, wars were fought and Kings and Queens based their rule on the fact that they were Protestant or Catholic.

The Dutch was a very understanding country. They mostly allowed freedom of religion and did not persecute people. This was because they had broken away from the Hapsburgs and Spain itself and created their own Republic. This country had a very high social class who were very wealthy and successful. The Dutch could be seen as the United States of America of its time. They allowed the protestant reformation to expand and to flourish because of their religious toleration. They did not face many political problems because of the reformation, just on their successfulness as a trading empire.

The Protestant Reformation caused many political and social problems in Europe. The Germans had many political problems because Lutheranism was so popular. England turned Protestant because its King wanted the power to divorce his wife. From then on, the rulers of England were either protestant or catholic and caused many fights and wars. The people faced a different social problem in which they would be persecuted because of their religion and their neighbors could never be fully trusted. This reformation was the cause of the Thirty Years War in the 17^th century and lead to much debate from all.

Analyze the concerns and goals of participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace and of those who opposed the movement.

Participants- doc 1 people do not want the government to invoke on their rights of taxation “expel all evil councilors”

Doc 2 the government does not protect them from thieves and scots so they hav to rely on charity, faith, pity, and poverty

Doc 4- a song that explains how the government wants them to be in bonds, robbed and spoiled of house cattle and land

Doc 5 want the church to go back under the pope and be how it was before

Doc 6 speaks against the king

Opposed

Doc 7 thomas Cromwell has Richard Morrison write that if everyone rules who shall obey. He says the better must rule the rest.

Doc 9 by king henry VIII telling that the rebellion has given comfort to their enemy the scots. God commands them to obey all sovereign things pardons them if they repent

Doc 10 convicted 144 of treason 65%

The English reformation put the country in turmoil. Some of the people agreed with the King and him ruling the Church while others wanted to go back to being Roman Catholic. These people who wanted the things to go back the way they were were known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. The goals of the Pilgrimage of Grace were to get things back to the way they were, while the people opposed which were the King, his advisors, and nobility were trying to put the the Pilgrimage of Grace and get them to accept the reformation.

The Pilgrimage of Grace was everyone who opposed the change in religion. The King of England had passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534 which gave tremendous power to the King. He was now head of the church, passed new taxes, took land away from the Catholic Church, and dissolved the monasteries. A main concern of the Pilgrimage was that the King wanted worldly gain (doc. 1). They wanted to purify the nobility and expel all evil councilors (doc. 1). The Pilgrimage had many complaints about the King and how they did not protect the citizens from the Scots and thieves (doc. 2). The Pilgrimage of Grace had many concerns which included no protection from thieves and Scots, being robbed of cattle, house, and corn, and being held in bonds (doc. 4). These concerns were legitimate because it was of their welfare. The King was making more taxes and not protecting its citizens which made it hard for them to live. The Pilgrimage made demands to have the Supreme head of church be the Pope, monasteries and lands restored to the Roman Catholic Church, heretics burned, and to have Thomas Cromwell punished (doc. 5).

The King of England and all of his supporters had one goal in mind: to become more powerful and make the King Head of the Church in England. They accomplished this by the passing of the Act of Supremacy. He was now able to tax the people more heavily, took away the lands of the monasteries, and gave more royal power to areas in the north. When the rebellion of the Pilgrimage was in full force, the King made a statement that it was helping their enemies the Scots and that he will give them mercy if they repent (doc. 9). He had Thomas Cromwell write a letter for him explaining if everyone rules who would obey (doc . 7). The King succeeded in his goal of gaining more power because the rebellion died and he was still in power. Overall he convicted nearly 144 people which was 65% of all tried (doc. 10). King Henry VIII was a very powerful man who was able to maintain his strength and remain the head of the Church in England.

The Pilgrimage of Grace were concerned with their own welfare and simply wanted to go back to the Roman Catholic Church. However, King Henry VIII wanted more power and so he kept his new rules and regulations making himself powerful and the citizens more vulnerable.