2. Contrast Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutionary views with those of revolutionaries in France.

2. Contrast Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutionary views with those of revolutionaries in France.

During the 1800s, Italy was going through some rough times. Several prominent figures were stepping up and taking positions of power to try and unify Italy. Two of these people were Mazzini and Garibaldi. The revolutions by Mazzini and Garibaldi were different than those of the prominent figures in France such as Napoleon and Robespierre by the way the revolutions were conducted and the amount of bloodshed.

Mazzini was a prominent figure of the south. He was a leader and tried to appeal to those people that were poor, working class, the Slavs, and everyone who struggled to make a living. He tried to get the message across to everyone in the South. He wanted the people to have the right to have a job, vote, and to work in an honest way. Mazzini spread his message just like Jesus did in the past. He tried to incite strong emotions from people in order for them to follow him and do his bidding. Many people listened to him and like the way he was taking things. This is because the South of Italy was relatively poor compared to the North. They did not have investors from other countries and banks giving out credit to the people like Cavour had done in the name of Victor Emmanuel. They had fights and revolts, but they were not nearly as violent and bloody as those in France. He was a promoter of democracy

Garibaldi was considered to be the second coming of Mazzini. He followed in his footsteps and appealed to the same crowds as those of Mazzini. He eventually retired from his position of leadership in the unification of Italy because Victor Emmanuel became the king of the United Italy. He was also for democracy. Although it was given to a king, the rule of Italy was in good hands who could keep the country strong. It was discovered that Garibaldi had been recruited by Cavour who was the prime minister for Emmanuel to come to southern Italy to recreate the revolution in the south. In this way, after Garibaldi dies, Victor Emmanuel was able to unify the north and south because after all Garibaldi was working for him. There was still hatred between the north and south but it the end they were unified.

The French revolution was very bloody. It had many people who did not care for people and so thousands of revolutionists were hung and killed. The women of the French revolution believed they had rights and so they marched on Versailles to get their rights that they deserved. The third estate had wanted more power and to be recognized so they refused to talk to the others until they were recognized. They viewed themselves as important as the rest of the country and demanded that they have more rights. The others did not want to acknowledge them and so a revolution ensued. Blood flowed through the streets during this time from all the deaths that occurred. The people of France wanted to be independent of a dictatorship and anarchy. However, after the triumvirate led by Robespierre who gained power by taking charge of an already formed revolution, they soon fell back into the same hole they were in before and Napoleon became dictator after Robespierre was ousted.

The revolutions of Garibaldi and Mazzini were created by them and everything was promoted by them. The people did not flock together to create a revolution, but were incited by powerful emotions to join a cause. In France, the people were incited to join forces, but Robespierre took control and put himself as a leader. Robespierre was successful in gaining power while Mazzini and Garibaldi were not. Robespierre caused the deaths of so many people compared to the revolutions in Italy.

Final Outline

Term Paper Outline

Thesis: In 1804 after the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor and influenced Europe because of the sole fact that he was a politically stable leader amidst the worst turmoil the country had seen in ages by implementing many of his reforms, such as the Napoleonic code and through his many wars against other European countries.

Definitions: French Revolution- the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799

Napoleonic Code- the civil code of France, enacted in 1804 and officially designated in 1807.

Napoleonic Wars- the intermittent wars (1796–1815) waged by France principally against England, Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Sources: Primary: BBC and Internet Modern sourcebook, some letters from Napoleon and his military personnel

Secondary sources: the Kaplan guide, Wikipedia, and several websites with the biography of napoleon

I. Historical information leading up to Napoleon’s Reign.

a. The third estate consisted of everyone from wealthy merchants to lower peasants.

b. They owned about 40% of the land.

c. Prices rose 65% while wages only increased 22%.

d. Third Estate became the National Assembly.

e. The government switched to the Committee of Public safety and then the Directory.

f. Napoleon was given military position and on the return of his last set up a coup d’état and seized control.

II. Napoleons government and how he stabilized the government.

a. He became the First consul of the triumvirate.

b. Passed the Concordat which made peace with the church.

c. He enforced law and order in France at the time of his leadership.

d. Created peace with Britain.

e. improved the french finances with the Bank of France

f. furtherance of public education

III. Napoleons many wars.

a. Fought the British, the Russians, and the Austrians.

b. Was defeated in a naval battle against the British.

c. He recreated Poland.

d. Peninsular war with Spain which was a guerilla war.

e.

1. War between Britain and France 1803-1814

2. War of the Third Coalition 1805

1. Britain got Austria and Russia to ally themselves against france.
2. France knew it could not go in a head to head battle so they tried to draw the British navy away from the English channel. However the french fleet was defeated and so they did not invade England.

3. War of the Fourth Coailition 1806-1807

1. Napoleon had defeated Prussia and now attacked Russia through Poland. It was a bloody stalemate so they signed the treaty of Tilsit.

4. War of the Fifth Coalition 1809

1. Austria broke its alliance with france and was subsequently defeated a second time. After france had been defeated after fighting on the german front

5. The invasion of Russia 1812

1. Russia had abandoned the continenteal system and broke its alliance with France. France responded by threatening to take action and so grew its army to 450 thousand and invaded Russia.

6. War of the Sixth Coalition 1812-1814

1. Prussia joined with Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal in a new coalition because they saw that france had been defeated in Russia. They then had a force twice the size of napoleons and defeated him at the battle of Leipzig .

7. Gunboat war 1807-1814

8. War of 1812

IV. Napoleons code that he set up throughout Europe.

a. It was divided into a criminal and civil code.

b. Citizens were considered equal before the law.

c. Women lost the legal rights they had formally gained.

d. The army and bureaucracy were the means of advancement.

V. Napoleons ideas and reforms throughout Europe.

VI. Effects of the Reign of Napoleon.

a. Because of his position of power and the stability he gave France, he was able to go to war with many countries and to expand the French Empire.

b. He went into the new world and gained the Louisiana territory from the Spanish but then sold it to the United States.

c. Signed many peace treaties with other countries in Europe.

d. Made peace with the church.

VII. Conclusion

a. With out Napoleons stable leadership, the continent of Europe would not be the same as it is today. Even thought he had some tough times, and may have had some defeats, he still stayed strong and was able to provide a stable base for France to get back on its feet.

Romanticism Free Response

To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?

During the 19^th century in Europe, the world was going through dramatic changes. It was heading into the era of the Romantics. During this time people were moving away from the conventional ideas of music and art and exploring more of the natural world and what they thought about it. They took God out of the equation and focused more on themselves and the natural world itself. Romanticism changed Enlightenment views dramatically and because of this, destroyed the relationship between God and the individual.

There were many famous people during the time of the Romantics. One famous Romantic was Percy Shelly. After getting away from the Enlightenment and God, Shelly focused on his love of poems and writing. He was an atheist and had no problem not believing in God. His works accurately described his feelings. During his time at Oxford, Shelly published a pamphlet expressing his views on atheism. Subsequently he was expelled from the university because he failed to take back what he had said and burn the pamphlets. Lord Byron was another famous person of the Romantics. He was seen as the first celebrity. Byron would get letters from women expressing their wants of him. During the Enlightenment, men had one wife and rarely got divorced because it was against the Catholic ideology. However, during the Romantics it was not uncommon for many people to have several wives during their life. At one point a wife and child were left because the man did not want to be with them anymore. He wanted to explore his talent as a writer and so went away with another woman. During the time of Romanticism Catholic views were not held in high esteem as before. Men had several wives, people were expressively atheist, and women threw themselves at men.

Much of the art work done after the Enlightenment complimented the views on Romanticism. Famous artists took their work to the next level and improved on the work of those before them. Now instead of boring dreary colors, paintings were vibrant with lots of color and action. Instead of just one person, there were several colorful and active people in paintings. These paintings, like the one with the ship at sea during the sunset summarized the period of Romanticism. This was a step toward exploring nature and getting away from religious people and biblical paintings. More people were interested in what was happening around them instead of the Bible. The great patrons were no longer directly from the clergy and did not commission religious paintings.

Music was also big during the Romantics. Great musicians like Beethoven composed such great compositions that nothing could be compared to them even to this day. They spoke directly to a person’s soul and how they felt. He composed music without lyrics and was able to touch people through his harmonies and just the sound produced that made people shiver. Some people say that the eyes are a pathway to the soul but the ears are as well. For those who listen to Beethoven know just how great his music is compared to all the rest. This music did not destroy the relationship with God, but it did not build it up either. It allowed people to express the natural feelings they felt and let their emotions out.

Moving from the Enlightenment to Romanticism challenged the views many people had of the natural world and in essence destroyed their relationship with God. They no longer created paintings for religious purposes, composed music, and several people became atheist. It was during this time that people’s true feelings were embraced and expressed through works of art such as poems, music, and paintings. In these various ways, people forgot about God and went their own way and discovered the natural world. This lead the way for an even greater tolerance of religious views and even atheism. People gradually forgot about Catholic ideas and started to venerate people and other objects. As seen by Lord Byron, he became the first celebrity and many women wanted him. Because of the move to Romanticism, the relationship between God and the individual gradually deteriorated throughout Europe.

Second outline

Term Paper Outline

Thesis: In 1804 after the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor and influenced Europe because of the sole fact that he was a politically stable leader amidst the worst turmoil the country had seen in ages by implementing many of his reforms, such as the Napoleonic code and through his many wars against other European countries.

Definitions: French Revolution- the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799

Napoleonic Code- the civil code of France, enacted in 1804 and officially designated in 1807.

Napoleonic Wars- the intermittent wars (1796–1815) waged by France principally against England, Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Sources: Primary: BBC and Internet Modern sourcebook, some letters from Napoleon and his military personnel

Secondary sources: the Kaplan guide, Wikipedia, and several websites with the biography of napoleon

I. Historical information leading up to Napoleon’s Reign.

a. The third estate consisted of everyone from wealthy merchants to lower peasants.

b. They owned about 40% of the land.

c. Prices rose 65% while wages only increased 22%.

d. Third Estate became the National Assembly.

e. The government switched to the Committee of Public safety and then the Directory.

f. Napoleon was given military position and on the return of his last set up a coup d’état and seized control.

II. Napoleons government and how he stabilized the government.

a. He became the First consul of the triumvirate.

b. Passed the Concordat which made peace with the church.

c. He enforced law and order in France at the time of his leadership.

d. Created peace with Britain.

III. Napoleons many wars.

a. Fought the British, the Russians, and the Austrians.

b. Was defeated in a naval battle against the British.

c. He recreated Poland.

d. Peninsular war with Spain which was a guerilla war.

e.

1. War between Britain and France 1803-1814
2. War of the Third Coalition 1805
3. War of the Fourth Coailition 1806-1807
4. War of the Fifth Coalition 1809
5. The invasion of Russia 1812
6. War of the Sixth Coalition 1812-1814
7. Gunboat war 1807-1814
8. War of 1812

IV. Napoleons code that he set up throughout Europe.

a. It was divided into a criminal and civil code.

b. Citizens were considered equal before the law.

c. Women lost the legal rights they had formally gained.

d. The army and bureaucracy were the means of advancement.

V. Napoleons ideas and reforms throughout Europe.

VI. Effects of the Reign of Napoleon.

a. Because of his position of power and the stability he gave France, he was able to go to war with many countries and to expand the French Empire.

b. He went into the new world and gained the Louisiana territory from the Spanish but then sold it to the United States.

c. Signed many peace treaties with other countries in Europe.

d. Made peace with the church.

VII. Conclusion

a. With out Napoleons stable leadership, the continent of Europe would not be the same as it is today. Even thought he had some tough times, and may have had some defeats, he still stayed strong and was able to provide a stable base for France to get back on its feet.