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Free Response Question 1 ( final draft)

Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?

Galileo Galilei was an extremely famous Italian scientist who was born in 1564 and died in 1642. This talented man was gifted in many ways which caused much debate during his life time. Galileo is considered by many to be the father of modern science. Because of this title, he had almost single handedly created the division between the Catholic Church and Science. With his help in the creation of modern science, Galileo faced many trials and tribulations in the form of the Catholic Church by sticking to his beliefs like the heliocentric system, but his advances were limited to what he could do with the instruments available to him, the small freedoms given to him by the catholic church, and his own ingenuity which showed what was to come for the future of Europe and the realities of his own time.

Galileo was a man of discovery. He went to a university but never actually finished before continuing on with another college. Galileo was an inventor of many devices that helped to create what is now modern science. He was known for creating the microscope, a compass used to measure polygons as well as the amount of gunpowder to use in certain size cannonballs, and the telescope. His invention of the telescope was maybe his most popular since it was one of the main instruments that caused his debate with the Catholic Church. He used it to view the moon and other celestial objects. One of which was Jupiter and its moons. He studied it for a while and observed that it had moons, which were not always in the same position the night before. Along with observing Jupiter, Galileo looked at the moon and saw that it was filled with craters and mountains. This went against the catholic belief that the moon was smooth. One of the beginning events that lead to a tribulation for Galileo was his belief in the Copernican system which stated that the Earth revolved around the Sun, not the other way around. This is also known as the Heliocentric system. Not only was Galileo an astronomer but a physicist and mathematician as well. In fact, one of the reasons he did not finish his first university was because he went to learn math instead. Galileo was interested in gravity and the laws of motion as well. However, even with all of his inventions they were not as advanced as they are today. Because of this limitation, he couldn’t go on to study more in depth of the solar system and other planets. He wrote many books during his time on math, physics, and many more important subjects. With all of his knowledge, Galileo may be the single most important person of his era. His discoveries and inventions started the world in the area of modern science in which it is still based off of his findings to this day.

Galileo faced the harsh realities of his own time due to the fact that he was interested in science. Many of his ideas went against the Catholic Church and their belief system. Due to this, he was forced under house arrest and later excommunicated for his beliefs in science. Many people think of Galileo as a leader of the disparities between the Catholic Church and science. There are two main subjects that went against the catholic belief that caused problems for Galileo. The first is that he used his telescope to prove that the moon was not smooth. This was a crushing blow to Catholics because it was in their religion that it was a smooth object. The second was the fact that the Earth revolved around the Sun and not vice versa. Both of these ideas forced the Catholics to protect their beliefs and they did this by refuting Galileo and forcing him to be under house arrest. As time went on, the Catholic Church took action and Galileo had to face several trials in which he was convicted of heresy. Even though Galileo was warned of what would happen if he continued to defend heliocentrisism, he stayed focused and did not let the worries of the Catholic Church get in his way. He was not given much room and freedom to continue his work to the best of his abilities knowing that his actions could cause his death. Galileo saw the stark reality of his own era in which the people were steadfast in their religion and unwilling to believe in something new. However, his ideas prevailed and even though he died, many of his ideas are still alive today and in much use.

Galileo was an extremely smart man. He created many devices to help with his experiments and to think in new ways. He was a pioneer of science which helped paved the way for the science of today. Galileo wrote several books that explained his ideas and expanded on what other scientists of his era were doing. Some of which showed people how to accurately weigh objects and what was actually up in space. Because of his ingenuity, he caught the eye of the Catholic Church and brought this mighty beast upon himself. He, along with the other scientists of his time, enabled the evidence of science to get out to the public and to open their eyes. However, they can only do so much and the rest is up to the people.

Galileo went through many trials and tribulations to get to where he was in his day. He was forced to refute religion and stand steadfast in his beliefs about science. Even with threats to his life, Galileo never hesitated in doing what he wanted. Galileo continued to experiment and write books to prove his point even though it was not consistent with Catholic belief. Without Galileo, modern science would never be where it is today and religion may be a more dominant force in people’s lives.

Free Response Question 1

Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?

Galileo Galilei was an extremely famous Italian scientist who was born in 1564 and died in 1642. This talented man was gifted in many ways which caused much debate during his life time. Galileo is considered by many to be the father of modern science. Because of this title, he had essentially created the division between the Church and Science. With his creation of modern science, Galileo showed what was to come for the future of Europe and the realities of his own time.

Galileo was a man of discovery. He went to a university but never actually finished before continuing on with another college. Galileo was an inventor of many devices that help to create what is now modern science. He was one of the first people to create a telescope in which to view the moon and other celestial objects. One of which was Jupiter and its moons. He studied it for a while and observed that it had moons, which were not always in the same position the night before. Along with observing Jupiter, Galileo looked at the moon and saw that it was filled with craters and mountainous. This went against the catholic belief that the moon was smooth. One of the beginning events that lead to a tribulation for Galileo was his belief in the Copernican system which stated that the Earth revolved around the Sun, not the other way around. Not only was Galileo an astronomer but a physicist and mathematician as well. In fact, one of the reasons he did not finish his first university was because he went to learn math instead. Galileo was interested in gravity and the laws of motion as well. He wrote many books during his time on math, physics, and many more important subjects. With all of his knowledge, Galileo may be the single most important person of his era. His discoveries and inventions started the world in the area of modern science in which it is still based off of his findings.

Galileo faced the harsh realities of his own time due to the fact that he was interested in science. Many of his ideas went against the Catholic Church and their belief system. Due to this, he was forced under house arrest and later executed for his beliefs in science. Many people think of Galileo as a leader of the disparities between the Catholic Church and science. There are two main subjects that went against the catholic belief that caused problems for Galileo. The first is that he used his telescope to prove that the moon was not smooth. This was a crushing blow to Catholics because it was in their religion that it was a smooth object. The second was the fact that the Earth revolved around the Sun and not vice versa. Both of these ideas forced the Catholics to protect their beliefs and they did this by refuting Galileo and forcing him to be under house arrest. Galileo saw the stark reality of his own era in which the people were steadfast in their religion and unwilling to believe in something new. However, his ideas prevailed and even though he was killed, many of his ideas are still alive today and in much use.

Galileo went through many trials and tribulations to get to where he was in his day. He was forced to refute religion and stand steadfast in his beliefs about science. Even with threats to his life, Galileo never hesitated in doing what he wanted. Galileo continued to experiment and write books to prove his point even though it was not consistent with Catholic belief. Without Galileo, modern science would never be where it is today and religion may be a more dominant force in people’s lives.

Score on Test

60/80= 50/50

Test part 2

48. Portuguese prince lived at beginning of age of exploration trading posts---Henry the navigator/ Diaz?

49- reached asia but reached Caribbean islands of a vast new world------- Christopher Columbus

50. Named after that man given to the exchange between new world and Europe---- Columbian exchange

51. name one of several things were shared between old world and new---------- tobacco

52. this is the economic system regulated by the state strong self economy------- mercantilism ?

53. company that is created by a partnership by two or more entities----------joint stock company

54. dominant religion Dutch republic-------- Calvinism

55. true/false all religions enjoyed religious freedom in the dutch republic---------- false?

56. this city in the dutch republic remained europes financial center-------- Amsterdam

57. this was the name of the company that displaced the portugese------ East Indian trading company

58. did the dutch republic hav aan absolute ruler--------- no

59. name any of the leading dutch artists in the 17 century---------

60. English society- exception of dutch republic this social class was proportionally larger than any other in Europe------------ middle class

61. the gentry included wealthy landowners who dominanted this house of parliament--------- House of Commons

62. end of 17 century which religious sect comprised the largest percentage of the English population--------Protestantism/ puritans?

63. this family dynastic followed the tudors---------Stuart ?

64. king james and king cahrles which form of curch organization did they favor? Episcopal or Presbyterian------------ Episcopal

65. what was the rein in years of james 1----------1603-1625

66. Published the true law of free monarchy belief called -----------Divine Right of Kings

67. this religion or religious sect was the opponent of Charles 1-----------Puritans

68. 1628 for grants of money signed what ---------?petition of right?

69. this man was Charles 1 archbishop of Canterbury--------- Archbishop Laud

70. attempt to impose the English prayer book on ----------- Scotland

71. group represented by church officials and remained loyal to the king------Cavaliers

72. group that included puritans and middle class people----------Roundheads

73. this man organized protestants into the New Model Army-----------Oliver Cromwell

BBC

74. name given by Oliver Cromwell to the Form of government which officially abolished the monarchy and house of lords------------?

75. Official title taken by Cromwell 1653------- Lord Protector ?

76. this group was considered a radical group that advocated with written constitution man hood suffrages apposed by Cromwell -----------Levelers

77. 1658 cromwell dies. His son Richard does not command respect. Parliament invites who back to England from exile---------------?charles II

78. name given to the period including the reign of Charles II and James II----------?

79. this author published leviathan ----- Thomas Hobbes

80.

Test part 1

1. catholic monk protested the indulgence system---- Martin Luther
2. name given to the document he nailed to church door--- 95 Thesis
3. city in germany in which luther witnessed selling indulgences --- ?
4. money came from indulgences paid for the ---- St peters Basilica
5.freebee- precise date on which luther document was nailed to church ?
6. lutheranism Luther said what was the only path to salvation--- faith alone
7. luther- what book wsa the only valid authority for christian life--- Bible
8. luther was against what hierarchy--- church hierarchy- the bishops
9. german peasants war who did the german peasants initially support--- Hapsburg?
10- luther believed christians ought to obey rulers even if they are unjust---- true?
11-lutheranism became allied with- german peasantry or nobility? ---- nobility
12. Lutheranism became dominant religion in northern and eastern Germany- southern Germany? -----Calvinism
13. by mid 16 century skandinavia religion- Protestantism/ Lutheranism?
14. 1555 settlement ended the civil war German----- Peace of Augsburg?
15. one way luther was a religious revolutionary---- He went against the church and created his own 95 Thesis.
16. Luther was a political conservative? ----
17. this guy wrote the institutes of christian religion humans are corrupt weak and insignificant god is all knowing he has determined who will go to salvation and destruction-----John Calvin
18. in 1541 protestants in this city asked john calvin transform this city into model chirstian community------
19. this man brought calvanism to scottland---- freebee
20. name given to calvinists in france------ Huguenots
21. this man reined as king of england 1509-1547 broke away from england ----- King Henry VIII
22. woman that mands daughter ruled england to 1603----- Elizabeth I
23. this religious sect believed in strict separation from church and state----- Anabaptist
24. catholisism this pope commisioned the building the st peters basillica and sistine chapel----Pope Leo X
25. council rejected luther, suprmecy of the bible, and sacraments---- Council of Trent/ Council of Worms
26. True/ False this council also decreed indulgences should no longer be sold------ true
27. 16 century addition of the bible authoritative catholic addition-------
28. Jesuits founder ----- Loyola
29. name 1 of the 3 missions of the jesuits----- spread Christianity
30. beroque art- movement in art that came about what century?----- 15 century
31. architect designed the st petes pietza sculpter of saint terrease and several fountains and churchs ------ Giotto
32.spain---son of charles 5 over saw vast empire milan naples goal advance spanish power-----Phillip II
33. was leading spain when spain attacked elizabeth's england what was the name to the spanish fleet that was destroyed------ Spanish Armada
34. france- massacre in 1572 at the wedding celebreation of henry navvarre and margaret----- St. Batholomew's day Massacre
35. 1598-- Henry 4 issued this edict- recognizing french protestisms calvinism----- Edict of Nantes
36. 30 years war - holy roman empire------ 300 principalities
37.peace treaty in 1555---- Peace of Augsburg
38. official name of the union of the protestants---- Protestant Union
39. name of the catholic league------- Catholic League
40. austrian hapsburgs were -------- Catholic
41. in the 30 years war this wsa the side that the kings of denmark and seden were with------ Protestants
42. name the leader of the league of catholics and union of protestants at he beginning ----- Ferdinand II (Catholic) and Frederic V
43. king of sweden------ Gustavus Adolphus
44. 1648 this treaty ended the 30 years war------ Peace of Westphalia
45.this was the geographical area that france annexed ------ ?
46. this country was devasted by 30 years war------- Germany
47. emerged as the strongest power----- France
48. explorers ----

DBQ format Quiz

What are the ranges of score? 1-10
If a DBQ answer doesn't not have a thesis statement what is the highest you can get? 4
If you have 12 documents- what is the bare minimum you must cite? 7
Explain what bias is. bias is showing your feelings and opinions
Explain the groupings. organizing the documents into groups and how they are related
citation for doc 5. (Doc. 5)